Paine, Ralph D. Blackbeard Buccaneer. Philadelphia: The Penn Publishing Company, 1922: 224.
caption: He looked like the Belial Whom He was So Fond of Claiming as His Mentor

Schoonover, Cortlandt. Frank Schoonover, Illustrator of the North American Frontier. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1976: 142.
caption: Blackbeard in Smoke and Flame

Brandywine River Museum. Frank E. Schoonover, Illustrator. Chadds Ford, PA: Brandywine River Museum, 1979: 36, 44.
caption: Blackbeard in Smoke and Flame, 1922

Cordingly, David, ed. Pirates: Terror on the High Seas from the Caribbean to the South China Sea. Atlanta: Turner Publishing Inc., 1996: 100.
caption: Blackbeard in Smoke and Flame, a painting by Frank Schoonover commissioned to illustrate an article in American Boy magazine in September 1922. All the descriptions of Blackbeard suggest that he was as terrifying as he appears here, and that he deliberately cultivated a fearsome image in order to keep his crew in their place and to encourage his victims to surrender without a fight.

Markham, Monte, Rosanne Ehrlich, and Lee Fulkerson. The Pirate Ships. The Great Ships. New York: A & E Home Video, 1997.

Peltier, Melissa Jo, Jim Milo, Patrick Tull, and MPH Entertainment. Blackbeard’s Reign of Terror. Sea Tales. New York: A & E Home Video, 1997.

Ermoyan, Arpi. Famous American Illustrators. London: Quantum Publishing Ltd., 1997: 200.
no caption

A & E Home Video, New Video Group, and History Channel. The Pirate’s Lost City. In Search of History. New York: A&E Home Video, 1997.

Le Bris, Michel, and Virginie Serna. Pirates & Flibustiers des Caraibes. Paris: Hoebeke, 2001: 179.
caption: Frank Schoonover: “Blackbeard in Smoke and Flame”.

Ducoin, Jacques. “La Concorde: De la traite a la piraterie.” chasse-maree: histoire et ethnologie maritimes, December 2001: 29.
caption: La farouche pirate Barbe-Noire au combat, composition du peintre Frank Schoonover (debut du XXe siecle).

Lapouge, Gilles. Pirates, boucaniers, flibustiers. France: Editions du Chene, Hachette livre, 2002: 121.
caption: “Blackbeard in Smoke and Flam” (Blackbeard dans la fumee et les flammes), par Franck Schoonover, 1922.

Smith, Louise Schoonover. “The Art of Frank E. Schoonover.” Illustration, July 2003: 22.
caption: “Blackbeard in Smoke and Flame,” 1922. Oil on canvas, 36″ x 30″. Daybook #1121. Private collection.

Lewis, J. Patrick. Blackbeard, The Pirate King: Several Yarns Detailing the Ledgends, Myths, And Real-life Adventures of History’s Most Notorious Seaman. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2006: 13.
caption: Blackbeard in smoke and flames.